Finally TACACS on ISE

Cisco has been persuading people migrate ACS to ISE.  However one of the hold-backs is ISE's lack of TACACS support.  ISE 2.0 finally supports TACACS.  This article is to demonstrate a "barebone" configuration of TACACS with ISE 2.0.

One of the important features of TACACS is "per command authorization", which means you can customize which commands users are allowed to execute.  For example, you'd like to allow HelpDesk users use most of the "show" commands.  So they can show interface status, show routing table, etc.  However, you don't want them be able to "show running-config" as the configuration file contains sensitive information (such as SNMP RW community string).  This is the most popular use case of TACACS.  This article will show you how to do it with ISE 2.0.

Before diving into configuration, let's review the AAA authorization flow chart.

As seen from the flow chart above, "priv_level" takes precedence over "User Profile"(in ISE it is called "Command Set").  Let say, if the logged in user was put into priv_level 1, it doesn't matter if the "Command Set" allows "show run" or not.  Because "show run" is not available in priv_level 1.

In our example, we'll put the user in priv_level 15.  Then we'll restrict the commands with "Command Set".

ISE Configuration

 ISE configuration is as simple as 1, 2, 3 as shown below:

1. Enable Device Admin Service

Go to "Administration > System > Deployment > Your ISE node (server)".  Check the "Enable Device Admin Service" check box and Save.

2. Enable TACACS for Network Devices

Go to "Administration > Network Resource > Network Devices".  Please note that you may create specific network devices here so they can have different settings.  For simplicity, I choose "Default Device".  Check the "TACACS+ Authentication Settings" checkbox and enter a "Shared Secret".  You will configure the same "shared secret" phrase in router config later on.  (a.k.a. TACACS key)

3. Configure "Device Admin Policy Set"

"Device Admin Policy Set" is a set of rules to customize the user access.  Before you can configure "Device Admin Policy Set", you'll have to configure the following first:

• Identity/Identity Group (user/user group)
• TACACS Command Set
• TACACS Profile

3.1 Configure Identity/Identity Group

It is the best practice to put users into groups.  Then assign permissions to groups.

To create an identity group (user group), go to "Administration > Identity Management > Groups > User Identity Groups".  Click the "Add" button to add a group called "HelpDesk_Group".

To create an identity (user), go to "Administration > Identity Management > Identities > Users".  Click the "Add" button to add an identity (user) called "jdoe".  Put the user into "HelpDesk_Group".

3.2 Configure "Command Set"

"Command Set" define which command the user can or cannot execute.

Go to "Work Centers > Policy Results > TACACS Command Sets".  Add a new command set called "HelpDesk_CommandSet".  As show in the picture above, we'll add three command rules:
1) PERMIT, show, .*
This rule allow all the commands begin with "show", such as "show interface", "show ip route", etc.
However, we don't want the HelpDesk users to be able to see the full configuration (either running-config or startup-config").  Thus we'll have to exclude the "show running-config" and "show startup-config" commands.
2) DENY_ALWAYS, show, running-config
3) DENY_ALWAYS, show, startup-config
Rule #2 and #3 above exclude the corresponding commands.
You might wonder what's the difference between "DENY" and "DENY_ALWAYS".  ISE examines the rules from top to bottom.  Once it found a matching rule, it'll stop examining the remaining rules.  Thus the order of the rules is very important.  "DENY_ALWAYS" rules are always examined first regardless of their position on the list.  This is to make sure the ones you want to deny will definitely be denied.  Of course, you may use "DENY" instead.  Just to make sure the DENY rules are on top of the PERMIT rules.

3.3 Configure TACACS Profile

Go to "Work Centers > Policy Results > TACACS Profiles".  Add a new profile called "HelpDesk_Profile".  Set the default priviledge and maximum privilege to 15.

Depending on the use case, you may set different privilege levels.  But in our example, we want to control the access with Command Set instead of Privilege Level.  That's why we set the privilege level to 15 (highest).

3.4 Configure Device Admin Policy Set

Now with all prerequisite ready, go to "Work Centers > Device Administration > Device Admin Policy Sets".  Click "Add" button to add a policy set called "IOS" above the "Default" policy set.

Three attributes need to be configured:
1) Name
2) Condition - in our example, condition doesn't matter but it cannot be blank.  Thus we add a condition "Device Type=All", which is a "always true" condition.
3) Authorization Rule - in our example, we want to control what the user can do.  This is called "per command authorization".  The rule says:
IF the logged in user is within "HelpDesk_Group" do the following:
A) Apply shell profile "HelpDesk_Profile" (in our example, the whole purpose of the profile is to set priv_level to 15).
B) For each command user entered, check against "HelpDesk_CommandSet" to permit or deny.

 IOS Configuration

! -- Have to enter this first, otherwise some commands are not available
aaa new-model

! -- Define TACACS server
tacacs server ISE
 address ipv4 192.168.21.10
 key Cisco123
!
! -- Define TACACS server group 'ISE_GROUP'
aaa group server tacacs+ ISE_GROUP
 server name ISE
!
! -- Define a local user in case TACACS is not available
username cisco privilege 15 password 0 cisco
! -- Default method is no authentication or authorization
aaa authentication login default none
aaa authorization exec default none
!
! -- Define method 'ABC' for authentication and authorization
aaa authentication login ABC group ISE_GROUP local
aaa authorization exec ABC group ISE_GROUP local
aaa authorization commands 15 ABC group ISE_GROUP local
aaa authorization config-commands
!
! -- Use method ABC on VTY authentication and authorization
line vty 0 4
 login authentication ABC
 authorization exec ABC
 authorization commands 15 ABC
 transport input all

Test

Telnet to the router.  Log in with user 'jdoe'.  Try some commands.  We see that the user can run all the show commands except for "show run" and "show start".  The user cannot run any other commands (such as "conf t").

Troubleshooting

On ISE there is a "Operation > TACACS Livelog" screen.  We may see realtime authentication and authorization events.

Click on the "Details" icon to view detailed TACACS authorization report.

Another Example of Command Set

The above command set will do the following:
1) Allow all "show" commands except for "show running-config" and "show startup-config" (to view the full configuration file)
2) However, it allows "show running-config interface" to view the configuration of a specific interface.
3) Allow "clear counters" command.

Please note the order of the rules.  With the same command, more specific arguments should be on the top.  Less specific arguments should be at the bottom.

Cisco IOS AAA Configuration with ISE

I was trying to set up a POC (Proof Of Concept) lab to use Cisco ISE as AAA server.

IMHO, a good configuration example should meet the following:

1) Minimal
No one wants to read a 300-line example.  A minimal configuration is easy to understand.  If needed, we may add features on top of the minimal configuration.

2) Typical
The example should represent the most popular use case.

3) No Ambiguity
Though not affecting functionality, names should be picked carefully to avoid any potential confusion for readers (especially beginners).

My goal was to set up AAA on a Cisco router with Cisco ISE for IOS CLI.  Based on the username, IOS privilege level 7 or level 15 will be assigned after login.

This is a typical use case as RBAC (Role Based Access Control) is widely used.  Users with privilege 7 can run most of the "show" commands but not the "conf t" command.  Users with privilege 15 can run all commands.

I have ISE 1.4 and UNL 0.9.0-40 running on VMware Workstation.  The topology is like below:

ISE IP = 192.168.21.131
Router IP = 192.168.21.201

Router configuration:

! -- encrypt passwords in config file

service password-encryption

!

! -- fallback user account in the event of RADIUS failing

username admin password cisco

enable password cisco

!

! -- define RADIUS server

radius server RADIUS-ISE

 address ipv4 192.168.21.131

 key secret123

!

! -- create AAA server group

aaa group server radius RADIUS-ISE-GROUP

 server name RADIUS-ISE

!

! -- creaate new AAA model

aaa new-model

!

! -- Configure the default login method to 'none' (no authentication)

! -- This method applies to the console by default

aaa authentication login default none

aaa authorization exec default none

!

! -- Configure Authentication and Authorization methods for VTY lines

aaa authentication login VTY_authen group RADIUS-ISE-GROUP local

aaa authorization exec VTY_author group RADIUS-ISE-GROUP local

!

! -- Configure default Accounting method, which applies to both console and VTY lines

aaa accounting exec default start-stop group RADIUS-ISE-GROUP

!

! -- Apply Authentication and Authorization methods to VTY lines

line vty 0 4

 authorization exec VTY_author

 login authentication VTY_authen

 transport input all

ISE configuration:

1.     Administration > Network Resources > Network Devices > Default Device

For simplicity, we use “Default Device” here.  You may create device group to have more granular control.

Enable “Default Network Device Status”.

Enter “secret123” into “Shared Secret” field.

2.     Policy > Policy Elements - Results > Authorization > Authorization Profiles

 Create two authorization profiles:

• Shell_priv_15
• Shell_priv_7

Attribute settings for profile “Shell_priv_15”:

Cisco:cisco-av-pair	Shell:priv-lvl=15
Radius:Service-Type	Login

Attribute settings for profile “Shell_priv_7”:

Cisco:cisco-av-pair	Shell:priv-lvl=7
Radius:Service-Type	Login

3.     Administration > Identity Management > Groups

Create two User Identify groups:

• CLI-users-15
• CLI-users-7

4.     Administration > Identity Management - Identities > Users

Create users and put into desired group

 

5.     Policy > Authorization

 Create two authorization policies on the top:

• CLI-access-15
• CLI-access-7

Associate corresponding user group to “Conditions” column.

Associate corresponding authorization (standard) profile to “Permissions” column.

New book - Deploying Cisco Unified Contact Center Express

Back in 2006 I was a Cisco TAC engineer supporting Contact Center Express (a.k.a. IPCC Express, CRA, CRS, IPIVR, now known as CCX).  Information is so scarce that even TAC engineers joked it was "tribal knowledge".

To make things more interesting (instead of saying "worse"), CCX components were developed by different companies - CCX Engine was developed by Cisco while Desktop Suite was developed by Spanlink (now Calabrio).

Cisco's documentation is "menu driven" instead of "task driven".  i.e. the documentation explains what each menu does but doesn't tell you what menus you need to navigate to achieve a specific goal.

Training partner classes are more focusing on scripting other than system integration.

Since then I was hoping to write a book on CCX.  Not a "CCX For Dummies" but a book for engineers.  For engineers that are smart enough to grasp any new products or technologies with a lab and a good book.

Different people have different definitions of "good book".  My definition is:

1) KISS - Keep It Simple Stupid.
2) Tell me something new - Something that the manufacturer manual didn't tell me.

I've been procrastinating due to work and family.  Now it's 2015.  I finally had the chance to finish something I wanted to do nine years ago.  For the time being, the book is only available from LuLu.com (http://www.lulu.com/shop/michael-houtong-luo/deploying-cisco-unified-contact-center-express/paperback/product-22186750.html).  It will be available on other retailers (such as Amazon, Barnes & Noble, etc.) later on.  Table of content can be viewed from here.

Same as my other book "Deploying Cisco Unified Presence", I did this with limited time and resource.  I'm pretty sure there will be typos and mistakes in the book.  I'd appreciate it if you can send me your feedback and suggestions to houtong@gmail.com.

By the way, I'm setting up a charitable foundation (Luo's Foundation) to support  students from low-income families.  All proceeds from this book will go to the foundation.  I will publish the details when the foundation is fully set up.

Thank you very much for your support.